This article examines the prospects for the implementation of the Chinese project “New Silk Road” and assesses the degree of influence of this project on the economic well-being of partner states. Using the examples of the implementation of individual stages of the New Silk Road, the author examines geopolitical shifts that affect trade relations, the existing global financial system, including the declared interests in the distribution of world resources between countries. The “New Silk Road” project makes it possible to determine the degree of the Russian Federation’s interest in participation, as well as to identify key issues in the field of cooperation and economic interaction between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China.