The article presents methods for analyzing the natural gas composition and describes the advantages of Raman spectroscopy compared with gas chromatography. The metrological characteristics of a Raman gas analyzer developed at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems have been studied. A series of measurements of the characteristics of three natural gas simulators with different concentrations of components of gas mixtures were performed. Raman gas analyzers provided high measurement accuracy, close to gas chromatographs when analyzing components with a low molar fraction (0.001–0.010%). Notably, when analyzing components with a molar fraction range of 0.01–100.00%, the accuracy of the proposed Raman gas analyzer surpassed the accuracy of gas chromatographs.